The System of Morphologization in Arabic Tongue

The system of morphologization (taşrīf) is the important functioning unit of the Arabic tongue. The knowledge of this system helps the speaker and learner of the Arabic Tongue how to well structure the phrases, sentences and texts. But the great impact of this system lies on the meaning process by offering the comparison of two or more words through the semantic fields. The semantic fields are the important result of the classification of this system. The taşrīf system insinuates into the linguistic approach to text and context of the Qur´ān, mainly the semantic and pragmatic issues. The semantic fields, in particular, are a key method in understanding the Qur´ānic related words and then they enable to throw a light on the Qur´ānic world view and its differences from other thoughts.

Qur´ānic Linguistics
What are the similarities and differences between Arabic Linguistics and Qur´ānic Linguistics? The most important difference is that the meaning begins in (realistic) Arabic Tongue from the level of the word while in Qur´ānic Tongue begins from the level of the sound; also the Qur´ānic Tongue is part of the Arabic Tongue, because the pragmatics and use of both tongues is greatly different. The scholars have to establish a new paradigm for the Qur´ānic Linguistics.

Arabic Tongue
Principally, the Arabic Tongue has to be differentiated from the Arab Tongue. The Arab Tongue (syntax: genitival compound) is the tongue which is/was really spoken by the Arab whether the words are mentioned in the Qur´ān or not. The words which are mentioned in the Qur´ān belong to the Qur´ān Tongue (syntax: genitival compound) which is a part of Arabic Tongue. The Arab Tongue and the Qur´ān Tongue are the apparent part of the Arabic Tongue (syntax: adjectival compound). The production of the potential part of the Arabic Tongue is through:
(1) The production of new meanings of the already used words (دلالة جديدة) through linguistic usage and
(2) The capability of development of the non-used permutations of the second morphology derivation into actuality. These latent permutations are good tools to translate the new scientific and technological terms into Arabic.

Morphologization System
As a fact of the interdisciplinarity between the fields of knowledge Schleicher has brought the term "morphology" to Linguistics from Biology and the linguistic scholars have accepted this term although it does not exactly describe the (arabic) linguistic process of word “growth” as it was applied to the biological process of growth. In the Arabic Tongue (includes Arab Tongue, Qur´ān Tongue and Potential Tongue) three types of morphologization would be distinguished:

1. First (small) Morphologization: [al-taşrīf al-şaghīr التصريف الصغير]
This is the normal Arabic morphologization of the words which are derived from a triliteral root like the root K-T-B كتب from which other words can be derived like Kā-Ti-B كاتب, Ki-Tā-B كتاب, Ma-K-Ta-B مكتب , Ma-K-Ta-Ba مكتبة and some others. In all the derivations of one root there is a core/referential meaning (دلالة محورية) specified by derivation variations to produce a new branching (دلالة فرعية) meaning to be the own meaning (root meaning + derivation meaning) of the word. All the derivations of one trilateral root have a meaning field called core meaning.

2. Second (middle) Morphologization: [al-taşrīf al- wasīţ التصريف الوسيط]
This kind of morphologization results from the permutations (6 permutations) of the triliteral root like the root K-T-B from which the following possibilities can be obtained: (K-T-B , K-B-T) / (T-K-B , T-B-K) / (B-K-T , B-T-K). There is a possibility that one or more of the root permutations are non-used in the real past and present community tongue and, therefore, are not found in any lexicon but may be found in some arabic dialects. Moreover, they are potential to be appeared in any future time during the linguistic use process. These permutations have to be researched for a supposed central field meaning which may has a shadow on all of their individual meanings and, accordingly, every permutation may enlighten a corner of this central field meaning. This section was termed by Ibn Jinni as (al-ishtiqāq al-akbar).

3. Third (great) Morphologization: [al-taşrīf al-kabīr التصريف الكبير]
In this type of morphologization one letter of the three letters of the root would be displaced with another letter in:

3.1. A regular way where the displacement is symmetrical:
In the first (R-T-Q رتق => F-T-Q فتق),
In the second (F-T-Q فتق => F-S-Q فسق ) or
In the third (B-T-K بتك => B-T-R بتر ) letter of the root.

3.2. Or irregular way where the displacement is not symmetrical ( قلب / عقل). Whether there is a common meaning between the roots of the third morphologization is an argument but I think this common relationship meaning has to be researched.

Summary and Questions
As a summary, the focusing point is the argument that the signification of the Qur´ānic words is not arbitrary as stated by the Aljurjani and Saussurean axioms but the relation between the signifier and the signified in the Qur´ān Tongue (and also Arabic Tongue) is intended and motivated (دلالة قصدية). This approach of motivated signification is not new but the few writings about it are scattered through the ancient and modern references of the Arabic Tongue. The key idea for investigation and questioning is that the sounds (sound = letter + movement) have meanings in themselves. Therefore, some questions like the following ones must be researched:
1. Is there any signification in the sound (letter + movement) itself? How to discover this significance for all sounds?
2. What is the role of the movement that accompanies the letter in this signification? What the relation between the three movements of the triliteral root?
3. What is the role of the sounds serial order in the signification of the root? What is the impact of the second or third movement on the proceeding one?
4. If the signification of the word is absolute before the usage, how do the users make the relativity of the absolute signification?
5. What is the role of morphologization (adding new sounds) in specifying the root signification? Reflex process of meaning.